Abingdon, 82
Achnacreebeag, 50
aerial photography
impact of, 154
Irish archaeology and, 154
of monuments, 166
of pit alignments, 244
The Age of Stonehenge (Burgess), 25
agriculture
evidence of, 32
introduction of, 30
in Ireland, 38
during Iron Age, 237, 240–241, 246
societies and, 84
on Yorkshire Wolds, 242
All Cannings Cross, 232
amber, distribution of, 155–156
Amesbury, 142, 150
Anglesey
decorated passage tombs of, 118
Neolithic Ireland impact on, 120
animal burials. See also burials
at Cadbury Castle, 250
Arbor Low, 130, 136
artefacts at, 135–136
archaeology. See also landscape archaeology; social archaeology
of Britain and Ireland, 6
ethnography and, 126
Ireland vs. Scotland, 116
language of, 24
of Mediterranean, 7
of megaliths, 6
Neolithic, 30, 39
of Polynesia, 7
of Stonehenge, 5
architecture. See also monumental architecture
of Britain and Ireland,
landscapes and, 106
Mycenaean, 156
social practices and, 105
Arminghall, 130
Arran, 43
monuments on, 6
Arras Culture, 264
burials of, 266, 270
artefacts. See also gold artefacts; grave artefacts; Neolithic artefacts; portable artefacts
at Arbor Low, 135–136
Brittany vs. southern England, 155
bronze, 146
burial of, 44
distribution of, 37, 96–97
exchange of, 24
flint, 124
at Glastonbury, 252
grave goods, 148
ground stone, 27
at Knowth, 106
of Later Neolithic period, 78
at Maumbury Rings, 127
at Meare, 252
metal, 91
movement of, 134–135
at Newgrange, 106
recycling of, 229
single burials and, 158
social archaeology and, 25
timber structures vs. stone monuments, , 126
at Woodhenge, 124
Ascott-under-Wychwood, 50
Atkinson, Richard, 23, 139
Atlantic Bronze Age, 1, 229
Aubrey, John, 7
Auchenlaich, long mound, 62
Aunjetitz Culture
burials of, 155
growth of, 156–157
Avebury, 6, 16, 125
construction of, 128
Stonehenge vs., 160
Aveline’s Hole, 32
axes. See also stone axes
copper vs. stone, 152
deposits of, 148
on Mesolithic sites, 30
movement across Europe of, 37
production of, 37
Balfarg, 64, 130
Balksbury, midden at, 234
Ballinderry, timber platforms at, 205
Balloy, 86
Ballyglass, 50, 53
Ballynahatty
cairns over postholes at, 124
Giant’s Ring at, 113
Orkney structures and, 118
wooden structures at, 114
Bancroft, 208
bank barrow, at Stanwell, 64
Barbury Castle, 241, 262
Barclodiad Y Gawres, 118, 121–122
Barelycroft, 194
Barnack, burial analysis of, 162
Barnhouse, 95, 108
Later Neolithic Village at, 110
Barrett, J., 178, 179
barrows. See also Druids’ Barrows; Kings’ barrows; long barrows; ring barrows; round barrows; square barrows
of Bronze Age, 154
forms of, 176
individual burial mounds vs., 161
in Wessex, 166
Beaghmore, stone settings at, 175
Beaker pottery, 80, 147, 169
adoption of, 152
burnt mounds and, 214
Continental Europe, 144–145
Corded Ware and, 143
distribution of, 142
Grooved Ware and, 147, 152–153
land divisions and, 150
metalwork and, 143, 146–147
radiocarbon dates for, 143
wedge tombs and, 147
Bedd Branwen, cairn at, 161
Beeston Castle, 222
Bell Beakers. See Beaker pottery; Irish Beakers
Belle Tout, 151
Bergh, Stefan, 103, 106
Bestwall Quarry, 190
Bharpa Carinish, 50
Biggar Common, 89
Billown, 43, 200
Blackshouse Burn, 128
Blanuaran of Clava, 174
bluestones, of Stonehenge, 140
Bonsall, Clive, 36
Boyne Valley, 6, 94
circular enclosures in, 113
passage tombs of, 101
raw materials in, 103
Bradley Fen, 214
Breckland, 171
Breiddin, 251
Brenig, 169
bridges, 184
Britain
cultural integrity of, 22
Highland and Lowland Zones of, 12–14
hillforts of, 256
Late Bronze Age hilltop enclosures in, 222
megalithic art in, 118
monuments of, 16
natural environment of, 16
Roman occupation of, 1, 2, 226, 271
settlement of, 13, 58
Britain and Ireland
archaeology of, 6
architecture of,
Continental Europe and, 7, 22, 153, 157, 166, 224, 261, 271
cursuses in, 68–69
geography of, 1, 15
isolation of, 8–10
land use in, 14–15
Late Bronze Age elites in, 217
mapping of, 2
Mesolithic burials in, 84
monuments of, 4
natural resources of, 6
Neolithic period in, 27, 44
as self-contained entities, 24–25
settlement of, 2, 35
waterways of, 16–20
weapon zones of, 224
British and Irish Mesolithic, Northern European vs., 32
British and Irish Neolithic
monumental architecture of, 86
sources of, 35
British isles
landscape archaeology of, 7
original names of, 2
Ptolemy’s map of, 3
British Later Bronze Age (Barrett and Bradley), 178
British Museum, radiocarbon dating by, 144
Brittany
ceramic tradition of, 29
promontory forts of, 252
souterrains of, 254
brochs
emergence of, 258
Gurness, 272–275
Bromfield, 198
bronze
artefacts, 146
in Britain, 152, 176
copper use vs., 146
Ireland’s sources of, 223
long distance movement of, 232
supply of, 186, 229, 270
use of, 156
Bronze Age. See also Atlantic Bronze Age; Early Bronze Age; Irish Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; Middle Bronze Age
barrows of, 154
burials, 168
crannogs of, 206
earthworks of, 242
metalwork of, 186, 227
middens of, 251
mortuary monuments during, 223
social collapse during, 222
in southern England, 23
The Bronze Age in Europe (Coles and Harding), 178
bronze weapons
in crannogs, 206
deposition of, 200
Broomend of Crichie, 168
Brown, Tony, 36
Brun, Patrice, 4
Burgess, Colin, 25, 179, 229
burials. See also animal burials; cremation burials; graves; river burial
adult vs. child, 159
of Arras Culture, 266, 270
deposition of, 91
during Iron Age, 262
male vs. female, 162
metal sources and, 156
settlement sites near, 185
with swords, 264
burnt mounds, 216
Beaker pottery and, 214
metalwork at, 214
of Neolithic period, 214
Butser Ancient Farm, 241
Cadbury Castle, 248, 251, 262
animal burials at, 250
Cairnpapple, 130
cairns. See also court cairns; field cairns; long mounds; ring cairns; stalled cairns
at Ballynahatty, 124
Calanais, 118
Callestick, 190
Campbell, Ewan, 24
Carinated Bowls, 29
Carlisle, monument group near, 134
Carn Brea, 70, 73, 74
carpentry techniques, during English Neolithic, 44
Carrowkeel, 95, 116
cemetery at, 101
pottery at, 102
Carrowmore, 50, 52
passage tombs at, 99
radiocarbon dates from, 100
Carshalton, 208
Carsie Mains, 62
Scottish hall at, 65
Carsten, Janet, 59
carved designs, 102
Case, Humphrey, 60, 143, 146
Castle Rock, 222
Catholme, radial post lines at, 124
Catterick
henge at, 134
Peterborough Ware at, 136
causewayed enclosures, 69–77
of Continental Europe, 86
long barrows and, 75–77
Long Meg and her Daughters, 136
open settlements vs., 72
caves, remains in, 161
Céide Fields, radiocarbon dating of, 43
Celtic art, metalwork, 269
cemeteries. See also cremation cemeteries
alignment of, 164
flat, 212
formal, 262
Iron Age, 262
of Late Bronze Age, 212
linear, 176
living areas and, 168
mounds distribution of, 161
Rudston, 264
settlements and, 197
ceramics. See also pottery
Brittany tradition of, 29
domestic vs. grave, 150
lowlands sequence in, 196
of Middle Neolithic period, 38
cereal cultivation, evidence for, 192
ceremonial sites
Grooved Ware and, 134
Later Neolithic, 122
Neolithic, 36
in open grassland, 97
chambered tombs, Neolithic, 38
Champion, Timothy, 24
Chappell, Sylvia, 4
Childe, Gordon, 23, 27, 230
circular dwellings, enclosures
in Boyne Valley, 113
earliest, 96
in Iberian peninsula, 253
Cladh Hallan
cremation pyres at, 198
domestic dwellings at, 192
Claish, 42, 62
Clark, Grahame, 24, 143
Clarke, David, 144
Claudian Conquest, 271
Clava Cairns, 169, 174, 175
Cleal, Rosamund, 160
Cleaval Point, 275
Cleaven Dyke, 64
climate change, settlement and, 172, 179
Coles, J., 178
collective burial, Neolithic practice of, 162
Collis, John, 208
colonisation
of Britain and Ireland, 9–10, 35
of Isle of Man, 8
by sea, 36
connections
between British isles and European mainland, 157
between monuments, 117, 120, 133
between new construction and older earthwork, 133
Conquer Barrow, at Mount Pleasant, 131
Continental Europe. See also Northern Europe
axes across, 37
Beaker material in, 144–145
Britain and Ireland and, 7, 22, 153, 157, 166, 224, 261, 271
causewayed enclosures of, 86
deposition of metalwork in, 185
earthwork enclosures in, 34
funeral rites in, 264
Ireland and, 269
iron weapons in, 230
long mounds in, 69
longhouses of, 40
metalwork from, 223
passage tombs in, 99
Cooney, Gabriel, 84
copper
bronze use vs., 146
in Ireland, 157
copper mining, 176
in Alps, 224
in Ireland, 146
at Ross Island, 146–147
in south-west Ireland, 156
in Wales, 172
in western Ireland, 172
Corbally, Neolithic houses at, 40
Corded Ware, Bell Beakers and, 143
Cornish tin, 156, 157
Cornwall, secure storage in, 254
Corrstown
excavation at, 196
Middle Bronze Age site at, 210
Cotswolds, rotunda graves of, 49
court cairns, of Ireland, 52–54
Court Hill, 73
crannogs, 204, 235
of Bronze Age, 206
Creighton, John, 227, 262
cremation burials, 60–61, 161, 198, 202
cremation cemeteries
location of, 197
metalwork in, 185, 197
at Itford Hill, 197
ring cairns and, 185
standing stones at, 198
in uplands, 185
cremation pyres, 198
Crickley Hill, 73, 247
Crossiecrown, settlement at, 110
Crouch Hill, 133
Cummings, Vicki, 38
Cunliffe, Barry, 210, 226, 247, 258, 261–262
cup marks, monument decoration with, 175
currency bars, production of, 232
cursuses, 62
along Thames, 68
Britain vs. Ireland, 68–69
distribution of, 68
Later Neolithic monuments and, 136
origins of, 68
Thornborough, 83
Cuween Hill, 110
daggers, in Early Bronze Age burials, 201
dairy economy, of Early Neolithic, 46
Dallington, 83
Dalriada, 24
Dan Y Coed, 254
Danebury, 248, 251, 261
adult vs. children’s remains at, 250
Dark, Petra, 43
Dartmoor, 169, 184, 210
in Early Bronze Age, 188
field systems of, 187
landscape of, 194
livestock of, 192
Davies, Margaret, 19
Davies, Norman, 11
decorative stones, 108
Dee, River, 14
Devil’s Quoits, 150, 252
Dieskau, 160
Dinorben, 214
building platforms at, 251
domestic dwellings
of Later Neolithic Orkney, 108
of Later Neolithic period, 94
in lowland Britain, 190
in Mesolithic period, 32
in Neolithic Ireland, 29
in Orkney, 192
ring cairns and, 170
rituals centered on, 41
wells and, 190
domesticated animals
introduction of, 44
during Iron Age, 242
in Neolithic Ireland, 29
of Neolithic period, 34
settlement patterns and, 30
use of, 32
Dorchester on Thames, human remains at, 127–128
Dorset Cursus, 65, 81
Dorset Ridgeway, burial concentrations, 154
Dover, Middle Bronze Age boat at, 224
Down Farm, 193
Downpatrick, 217
gold ornament hoard at, 217
Dowth, 102
Drombeg, 216
Dronfield, Jeremy, 104
Druids’ Barrows, 159
Duddingston Loch, 203
Duggleby Howe, 83
Neolithic round barrow at, 128
Dun Aonghasa, 218
Dun Ruadh, 114
Dunch Hill, 210–212
Dunragit, 130
Grooved Ware at, 130
mound on entrance axis at, 131
Durrington Walls, 128, 133
Grooved Ware and, 120
Northern Circle at, 123, 140
pottery distribution at, 124
Stonehenge and, 138, 141
dwellings. See also domestic dwellings; houses
of Early Iron Age, 238–239
inside hillforts, 251
of Middle Bronze Age, 190
Earle, Timothy, 4
Early Bronze Age
Dartmoor in, 188
funeral practices of, 201
in Wessex, 166
Early Bronze Age burials
contents of, 155
daggers in, 201
pottery associated with, 197
Early Iron Age
in East Anglia, 260
field systems of, 241
ground plans of settlements, 239–240
houses of, 238–239
ringworks of, 239
weapon deposit distribution of, 236
Early Neolithic
dairy economy of, 46
land use during, 43
occupation sites of, 96
pottery of, 38
regional differences in, 41
earthwork(s)
as aggregation sites, 87
of Bronze Age, 242
graves and, 164
henges and, 139
territory definition by, 210
in Wessex, 166
in Yorkshire Wolds, 166, 244
earthwork enclosures. See also enclosures
on European Continent, 34
of Isle of Man, 254
of Middle Neolithic period, 38
mounds and, 131
sequence of, 130
earthwork monuments, timber enclosures vs., 128
East Anglia
Early Iron Age occupation sites of, 260
settlements in, 258
East Anglian Fens, 252
East Chisenbury, 233
midden at, 234
Ehrenberg, Margaret, 217, 224
Eildon Hill North, 222
Eilean Domhnuill, 41, 50
Elm Decline, chronological marker of, 33
enclosures
beginnings of, 237
in Scotland, 258
England
Bronze Age in, 23
Neolithic buildings in, 43
pit deposits in, 43
Roman towns in, 233
English barrows, organisation of, 161
English Channel
flint mines near, 37
formation of, 8, 10
sea routes across, 19–20
tin movement across, 156
English ringworks
Irish enclosures vs., 217
of Late Bronze Age, 224
Eogan, George, 102, 178
Eriksen, Palle, 102
ethnography, archaeology and, 126
Eton Rowing Lake, structures at, 203
Etton, 73, 76
monument enclosures at, 71–72
Europe Before History (Kristiansen), 227
Europe, prehistoric. See also Continental Europe
society in, 4
Evans, Chris, 204
Eynesbury, 82
faience beads, Mycenaeans trade of, 156
farming
appearance of, 30, 35
Neolithic development of, 27
spread of, 30
Fen Edge, 133
Fenland, weapons and ornaments in, 236
Ferriter’s Cove, 32
Ferrybridge, 122
henge at, 252
field archaeology, 38
field cairns, mortuary monuments and, 170
Field, David, 189
field systems
Celtic vs. English, 187
co-axial, 196, 210, 212, 223, 235
on Dartmoor, 187
dwelling groups and, 192
of Early Iron Age, 241
of Iron Age, 241, 246
in lowland river valleys, 192
monuments and, 188
on Salisbury Plain, 242
settlements and, 188
workforces for, 188
Finistère, 252
Fiskerton, 269
Flag Fen, 269
causeway at, 203, 204
Flagstones, 82
flat-rimmed ware, 217
flint, 133
Grand Pressigny, 143
mines, 37
food production, 98. See also agriculture
forests, 16
Fornham All Saints, 73, 77
fortifications. See also hillforts
of Late Bronze Age, 206
ringworks, 234
Fourknocks, 102
Fox, Cyril, 15, 23
Fredengren, Christina, 205
funeral rites, 270
Continental Europe vs. British Iron Age, 264
of Early Bronze Age, 201
during Late Bronze Age, 186
significance of, 116
structure of, 201
Fyfield, 241
Fylingdales Moor, rock art on, 117
Galicia, 252
Garton, Slack, 264
Garwood, Paul, 160, 164
Gayhurst, 154, 162
Gent, Henry, 43
geography
of Britain and Ireland, 1, 15
of Ireland, 14
names and, 10
Gerloff, Sabine, 155
Giant’s Ring, at Ballynahatty, 113
Gibson, Alex, 122, 130, 150
Glastonbury
adult vs. children’s remains at, 250
artefacts at, 252
Glastonbury Ware, 269
gold
in Ireland, 156
Irish export of, 176, 223
gold artefacts, 148
distribution of, 218
from Haughey’s Fort, 197
in Ireland, 196
Irish renewed production of, 218
at Ringlemere, 154
gold ornaments
at Downpatrick, 217
in individual burials, 158
in Ireland, 196
at Lockington, 154
at Rathgall, 217
Grand Pressigny flint, 143
Grange, 217
grave artefacts, Brittany vs. southern England, 155
Gravelly Guy, Iron Age landscape around, 246
graves. See also Scottish graves
of Arras Culture, 264
British vs. Irish, 160
earthworks and, 164
exotic items in, 160
flat, 161
large, 161
richer vs. poorer, 159
siting of, 162
social distinctions and, 160, 186
of women and children, 160, 162
Great Baddow, 210
Great Orme, 172, 176, 186
Great Ouse valley, 68
Greece, tholos tombs of, 156
Green Island, pier at, 275
Greyhound Yard, 128
Greylake, 203
Grimes Graves, mining at, 133
Grimspound, 193
Grooved Ware, 96, 108
Beaker pottery and, 147, 152–153
distribution of, 134
at Dunragit, 130
Durrington Walls and, 120
insular tradition of, 142
in Ireland, 114–116
origin of, 116
styles of, 134
Unstan bowls and, 116
ground plans
of Early Iron Age settlements, 239–240
of Middle Iron Age settlements, 240
Gulf Stream, impact of, 15
Gurness, broch of, 272–275
Gwernvale, 50
Gwithian
cremation pyres at, 198
land divisions at, 189
spade cultivation at, 192
Haddenham, 48
Hambledon Hill, 72, 73, 75
Harding, A., 178
Harding, Jan, 136
Harlyn Bay, 263
Hartshill Quarry, 230
Haughey’s Fort, 218
gold finds from, 197
Hawley, Colonel, 139
Hazelton North, 50
Hebrides, Iron Age towers of, 7
Hekla, volcanic eruption of, 179
Helman Tor, 70
Helms, Mary, 59, 157
Hembury, 73
henges. See also Seahenge; Stonehenge
at Catterick, 134
earthworks and, 139
at Ferrybridge, 252
of Ireland, 114
Irish vs. British, 114
Iron Age, 208
locations of, 134
at Mayburgh, 134
north-east England vs. upper Thames valley, 133
on older structures, 136
ring barrows and, 200
hengiform enclosures, 80–81
round barrows vs., 78–79
Hengistbury Head, 275
Henshall, Audrey, 110
Highland and Lowland Zones, of Britain, 12–14
Hill, J. D., 260
hillforts, 16, 17
categories of, 247–248
changing role of, 262
community activities at, 260
defined, 251–252
development of, 247
of highland Britain, 256
houses inside, 251
in Ireland, 218
of Iron Age, 243
peripheral phenomenon of, 260
rituals at, 250
settlements and, 251
of southern England, 261
specialized structures in, 248
hilltop settlements
first appearance of, 224
of Late Bronze Age, 222
Hindwell, 130
hoards, of metalwork, 185, 214
Hodder, Ian, 4
houses. See also large round houses
English vs. Ireland, 61
in Ireland, 60
Neolithic, 27
Howe, 110
Hugh-Jones, Stephen, 59
human diet, during Neolithic period, 46
human remains
at Dorchester on Thames, 127–128
monuments and, 84, 175
pit circles and, 127
settlements and, 84, 214
at Stonehenge, 141
Humber Estuary, open-water vessel remains from, 157
Husbands Bosworth, 76
Iberian peninsula
castros of, 253
circular dwellings, enclosures in, 253
monuments in, 99
passage tombs in, 99
individual burials, adoption of, 89
invasion hypothesis, 24, 143
Ireland. See also Iron Age Ireland; Mesolithic Ireland
agriculture in, 38
archaeology of, 116
Bronze age burials in, 168
bronze sources of, 223
colonisation of, 9–10, 35
Continental Europe and, 269
copper in, 156, 157, 172
court cairns of, 52–54
earliest settlements of, 8
early ring forts in, 254
geography of, 14
gold artefacts in, 196, 218
Grooved Ware in, 114–116
henges of, 114
hillforts in, 218
houses in, 60
Iron Age in, 244, 252
megalithic monuments in, 6, 30
metalwork in, 152
Neolithic period in, 6, 29, 86, 120
origin myth of, 24
ring forts in, 254
treatment of the dead in, 59–61
wedge tombs in, 161
Irish archaeology
aerial photography and, 154
Irish Beakers
Knowth and, 147
Newgrange and, 147
Irish Bronze Age
metalwork of, 268
two-fold division of, 178
Irish Neolithic
mortuary monuments of, 50
settlements of, 42, 50
iron
availability of, 232
social change and, 232
Iron Age. See also Early Iron Age; Iron Age Ireland; Middle Iron Age
agriculture production during, 237, 240–241, 246
cemeteries of, 262
domesticated animals during, 242
field systems of, 241, 246
funeral rites in, 264
henges, 208
hillforts of, 243
in Ireland, 244, 252
large round houses of, 258
metalwork of, 269
period approaches to, 226
pottery use during, 236
regular burial in, 262
settlements of, 236, 244–246, 254
soil erosion during, 242
Yorkshire burials, 263
Iron Age Communities in Britain (Cunliffe), 226
Iron Age Ireland, metalwork of, 268
iron weapons, in Continental Europe, 230
Isbister, walled enclosure construction at, 110
Isle of Ely, 204
Isle of Man, 7
Billown, 43
colonisation of, 8
earthwork enclosures of, 254
Italy, metalwork supply impact of, 227
Itford Hill
cremations at, 197
village at, 190
Jacobi, Roger, 10
Johnston, Robert, 170
Johnstown South, Late Bronze henge at, 217
Jones, Carleton, 17
Jope, Martyn, 269
Julius Caesar, invasion of England by, 1
Keenoge, 162
kerbstones, decorated, 103
Killymoon, platform at, 205
Kiltierney, 118
Kimpton, 198
Kings’ Barrows, 159
Kintore, round houses at, 196
Knap of Howar, 41, 52
Knocknarea, 95
tomb exterior at, 106
Knockroe
decorated tomb at, 106
passages at, 104
Knowth, 69, 102, 112, 120
artefacts at, 106
carved designs at, 102
Irish Beakers and, 147
layout of, 104
pottery at, 94
structural sequence at, 94–95
Kristiansen, Kristian, 227
La Tène, 266–267
decorated pottery, 269
metalwork, 268
Lake District mountains, 37
Lambay Island, 7
stone from, 133
Lambrick, George, 246
land use
Britain vs. Ireland, 14–15
during Early Neolithic, 43
monuments and, 176
seasonal, 184
in uplands, 172
landscape(s)
Dartmoor, 194
enclosed, 195–196
lowland, 183
monumental architecture and, 106
of North York Moors, 194
landscape archaeology, of British isles, 7
Langton Bay, shipwreck at, 225
large round houses. See also round houses
of Iron Age, 258
of Late Bronze Age ringworks, 237
Last, Jonathan, 162
Late Bronze Age, 202–222
access to foreign metal in, 230
cemeteries of, 212
characteristics of, 181–187
elites of, 217
English ringworks of, 224
field monuments of, 223
fortifications of, 206
fortified ringworks of, 234
funeral rites during, 186
hilltop enclosures in, 222
iron production in, 230
large round houses of, 237
lowland landscapes of, 183
metalwork of, 186, 230
ores of, 224
prosperity of, 225
regional developments of, 218
ringwork of, 237
in Scotland, 200
settlements of, 181, 223, 236
small island occupation during, 204
social collapse during, 186
soils in, 183
study of, 222
terminology of, 181
Yorkshire Wolds settlements of, 212
Later Mesolithic period
Britain vs. Northern European, 35
social complexity in, 35
Later Neolithic
artefacts of, 78
domestic dwellings of, 94
monuments and cursuses of, 136
Lawford, 133
Lebor Gabála Érren, 24
Lévi-Strauss, 59
Lincolnshire, 57
earthwork construction in, 244
linear cemeteries, around Stonehenge, 176
linear monuments, 78
Linearbandkeramik, 40
Linkardstown cists, 80
Littleour, 62, 64
livestock
on Dartmoor, 192
importance of, 192
trade of, 234
Llandegai, 118
Llyn Fawr, industrial phase, 230
Loch Gara, 205
Lockington, gold ornaments at, 154
long barrows
causewayed enclosures and, 75–77
classification of, 54–55
first development of, 86
Long Meg and her Daughters
causewayed enclosure and, 136
monolith decoration at, 120
long mounds
of Neolithic period, 34
round barrows vs., 52
longhouses, of Continental Europe, 40
Longstone Rath, henge at, 114
Lough Gur, 147, 216
Loughcrew, 101
lowlands
ceramic sequence in, 196
domestic dwellings in, 190
Late Bronze Age and, 183
Lugg, 217
lunula, 148
Macalister, Robert, 24
Maeshowe, 6, 110
Barclodiad Y Gawres vs., 121–122
Boyne Valley impact on, 117
pillars at, 110–112
tomb at, 99, 109, 116
Maiden Castle, 6, 77, 261
marine resources, during Mesolithic period, 33
Maumbury Rings, 126
artefact distribution at, 127
Maxey, 76, 83
Mayburgh
henge monument at, 134
stone axe at, 134
Meare, artefacts at, 252
Mediterranean
archaeology of, 7
society formation in, 227
Medway, River, 14
Megale Britannia, 3
megalithic art
in Britain, 118
motifs in, 134
states of consciousness and, 104, 108
in Western Europe, 6
megaliths
archaeology of, 6
in Ireland, 30
Meldon Bridge, 130
Mercer, Roger, 123
Mesolithic Ireland, material culture of, 10
Mesolithic period. See also Later Mesolithic period
British and Irish vs. Northern European, 32
burials in, 84
domestic buildings in, 32
marine resources use in, 33
occupation sites of, 10, 29
Scandanavian model of, 32
Scottish, 15
settlement pattern in, 32
social practices in, 32, 35
Mesolithic sites, pottery and imported axes on, 30
metal, artefacts, 91
metal, movement of, 157
metal sources, 227
burials and, 156
metalwork, 91, 154, 202
adoption of, 156
Beaker pottery and, 143, 146–147
in Britain, 269
of Bronze Age, 186, 227
at burnt mounds, 214
Celtic art and, 269
chronology of, 179
Continental Europe and, 185, 223
with the dead, 185
distribution of, 176, 268
earliest Irish, 146
hoards of, 185, 214
imported, 186, 230
introduction of, 142
in Ireland, 152
of Irish Bronze Age, 268
of Iron Age, 269
of Iron Age Ireland, 268
Italian supply impact on, 227
La Tène, 268
metalwork (cont.)
during Late Bronze Age, 186, 230
for prehistoric people, 179
process protocols of, 187
river deposits of, 202
from River Shannon, 204
at Runnymede Bridge, 204, 233
supply of, 225
from Thames, 203
transformation of, 187
metalwork deposits
in north-east Scotland, 157
in rivers, 202
microliths, in Northern England, 34
middens, 233–234
at Balksbury, 234
of Bronze Age, 251
at East Chisenbury, 234
shell, 37
in southern Britain, 232
in Thames Valley, 43
at Wallingford, 204
Middle Bronze Age, 187–202
dwellings of, 190
mortuary rituals of, 197
Middle Iron Age, ground plans of settlements, 240
Middle Neolithic period
ceramics of, 38
earthwork enclosures of, 38
mortuary monuments of, 38
Midhowe, 106
walled enclosure at, 110
Mikra Britannia, 3
Mildenhall, 170
Millett, Martin, 227
Mine Howe, 274
mines. See also copper mining
in mainland Europe, 185
Mizoguchi, Koji, 162, 166
Monknewtown, 113
Monkton, 164
monoliths, visual relationships and, 112
monumental architecture, 132–137
of British and Irish Neolithic, 86
curvilinear decoration of, 106
landscape and, 106
of Neolithic period, 34
social impact of, 128
monuments, 4, 39, 57–58. See also mortuary monuments
aerial photography of, 166
alignment of, 157–158
of Britain, 16
closing of, 152
community competition and, 142
connections between, 117, 120, 133
construction scale of, 122
cup marks on, 175
distribution of, 47
earthwork perimeters of, 122
field systems and, 188
groupings of, 132
houses and, 50
of Iberian peninsula, 99
land use and, 176
large vs. small, 132
of Late Bronze Age, 218
location selection of, 17, 134
materials and, 140
mortuary rituals and, 174
of Neolithic period, 7, 27
origin myths and, 87
private aspects of, 106
rebuilding of, 73
remains of dead and, 84, 175
settlements and, 175
siting of, 67, 136–137
size of, 132
of southern Britain, 122
spatial relationships between, 166
structural stages of, 164
of uplands, 172
use of turf in, 168
Mooghaun, 218
Moore, Dermot, 61
Moray Firth, 174
mortuary monuments
Bronze Age disappearance of, 223
distribution of, 160
field cairns and, 170
habitation evidence towards, 175
of Irish Neolithic, 50
of Middle Neolithic period, 38
in Neolithic Ireland, 29
in northern England, 29
mortuary rituals
of Middle Bronze Age, 197
monuments and, 174
mounds. See also burnt mounds; long mounds; oval mounds
burnt, 214
Dunragit, 131
earthwork enclosures and, 131
Mount Pleasant, 128
adoption of Beaker pottery at, 152
Conquer Barrow at, 131
post setting at, 124
pottery at, 152
Mucking, 237
ringwork at, 217
Mycenaeans
faience bead trading of, 156
Stonehenge and, 156
natural environment
during post-glacial period, 15–16
during Scottish Mesolithic, 15
Navan Fort, 6, 217, 272
Needham, Stuart, 91, 148, 152, 157, 178
Neolithic artefacts
origins for, 34
radiocarbon dates for, 33
Neolithic houses
Ireland vs. England, 38
in Orkney, 95
Neolithic Ireland, 6, 29, 86
domestic buildings in, 29
domesticated animals in, 29
megaliths of, 6
mortuary monuments in, 29
Neolithic monuments, burning down of, 58
Neolithic period
archaeology of, 30, 39
in Britain and Ireland, 27, 44
burnt mounds of, 214
ceremonial monuments of, 36
chambered tombs in, 38
collective burial during, 162
Continental Europe vs. Britain and Ireland, , 86
continuity vs. disruption in, 84
definitions of, 27–29
domesticated animals of, 29, 34
environmental record of, 33
houses in, 27, 59
human diet during, 46
land clearance, timber working during, 37
long mounds of, 34
models of, 30
monumental architecture of, 34
monuments of, 7, 27
in Northern Europe, 30
settlement during, 38, 42, 171
Neolithic Revolution, 27
Neolithic settlements, in Ireland, 42
New Forest, 171
Newbridge, 264
Newgrange, 6
artefacts at, 106
carved designs at, 102
entrance passage at, 104
Irish Beakers and, 147
modifications of, 102
tomb at, 102
view into, 132
North Mains, Scottish henge at, 130
North York Moors, 171
landscape of, 194
Northern Britain
elongated timber, earthwork monuments in, 64
wooden halls in, 62
Northern Circle, at Durrington Walls, 123, 140
Northern Circle, Grooved Ware and, 138
Northern Europe
Neolithic period in, 30
‘wandering settlements’ of, 260
occupation sites, Mesolithic vs. Neolithic, 29
open grassland, ceremonial centers in, 97
origin myths, monuments and, 87
Orkney, 7, 39, 50, 95, 99, 106, 168
Ballynahatty and, 118
Boyne passage tombs impact on, 116
ceramic tradition in, 134
chambered tombs in, 106
domestic dwellings in, 108, 192
monuments on, 6
settlement of, 8
Outer Hebrides, settlement of, 8
oval mounds, round, long barrows and, 82
Overton Down, 241
palisade enclosures. See earthwork enclosures
passage tombs
of Boyne Valley, 101
at Carrowmore, 99
chronology of, 99
contents of, 102
in Continental Europe, 99
distinctive features of, 98
of Iberian peninsula, 99
Irish, 99–101
layout of, 104
Maeshowe type, 99
at Newgrange, 112–113
restrictions of access to, 104
use of, 104
Pearson, Parker, M., 126, 141, 175
Pennines, 171
period frameworks, 91
Iron Age, 226
metal technology and, 146
settlement patterns and, 179
terminology of, 226
The Personality of Britain (Fox), 15, 23
Peterborough Ware, 78, 81, 89, 94, 136
Petersen, F., 162
Pierowall, 110
Piggot, Stuart, 23, 155
Pike O’ Stickle, stone from, 133
pit deposits
alignment of, 244
in Britain, 59
in England, 43
formality of, 133
human remains in, 127
plant species, Britain vs. Ireland, 8
political autonomy, of Wales and Scotland, 11
political boundaries, 10
Polynesia, archaeology of, 7
portable artefacts, movement of, 157
portal dolmens, 49
Portugal, fortified enclosures of, 252
post settings, location of, 122
Potterne, 232–233
ceramics from, 233
pottery. See also Beaker pottery; ceramics; Grooved Ware
carbonised grain in, 41
at Carrowkeel, 102
at Durrington Walls, 124
in Early Bronze age burials, 197
of Early Neolithic, 38
in graves, 142
during Iron Age, 236
at Knowth, 94
La Tène style of, 269
Lough Gur Class II, 216
on Mesolithic sites, 30
metalwork and, 146–147
at Mount Pleasant, 152
regional styles of, 29
use of, 266
Powell, Andrew, 54
prehistoric Britain, Continental Europe vs., 10
Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles (Childe), 23
prehistoric period, political geography of, 223
Ptolemy, British Isles map of, 3
Quanterness
excavation at, 108
tomb at, 110
Quoyness, 110
radiocarbon dating
of Beaker pottery, 143
by British Museum, 144
of Neolithic artefacts, 33
Radley, 164
Ramilsonina, 126, 141, 175
Rams Hill, 208
Ramsgate, 76
Rathgall, 217
gold ring at, 217
Rathtinaun, 206
Rathlin Island, 7
Raunds, 81, 154, 168
raw materials, southern Britain export of, 157
regional divisions, 91
Renfrew, Colin, 4, 108, 136
Richards, Colin, 51, 109, 112
Richards, Michael, 75
ring barrows, henges and, 200
ring cairns
cremation cemeteries and, 185
domestic dwellings and, 170
ring forts
in Ireland, 254
of Late Bronze Age, 206
Ring of Bookan, 112
Ring of Brodgar, 112, 126
mace heads near, 136
Ringlemere, gold vessel from, 154
ringworks. See also English ringworks; fortifications
distribution of, 208
of Early Iron Age, 239
interpretation of, 208
of Late Bronze Age, 206
public focus of, 208
rituals. See also funeral rites
in domestic buildings, 41
at hillforts vs. settlements, 250
of Middle Bronze Age, 197
monuments and, 174
mortuary, 174, 197
at Star Carr, 32
river burial, evidence for, 202
River Shannon, metalwork from, 204
Robin Hood’s Ball, 76
Roche, Helen, 114, 217
rock carvings, distribution of, 97
Roman Conquest, 1, 2, 226, 271
Ross Island, copper mining at, 146–147
rotary querns, distribution of, 268
Roughan Hill, 169
round barrows
antiquarians on, 158
hengiform enclosures vs., 78–79
individual burials in, 89
long mounds vs., 52
replacement by urnfields of, 184
reuse of, 186
of Yorkshire Wolds, 80
Rowlands, Michael, 4
Rowley-Conwy, Peter, 32
Rudston, 65
cemetery at, 264
Runnymede Bridge, 204
metalwork from, 204, 233
timber buildings at, 233
Rybury, 73
Salcombe, shipwreck at, 225
Salisbury Plain, 159
burial concentrations on, 154
coaxial field systems on, 242
Scandanavia, Mesolithic period of, 32
Scotland
archaeology of, 116
Earlier Neolithic halls in, 64
earliest settlements in, 8
enclosures and round houses in, 258
Late Bronze Age in, 200
metalwork deposits of, 157
political autonomy of, 11
Scottish graves, flowers in, 159
Scottish Mesolithic, natural environment during, 15
sea routes, prehistoric, 19–20
Seahenge, timber setting of, 123
settlement(s). See also hilltop settlements
Bronze vs. Iron Age, 246
burials near, 185
cemeteries and, 197
climate change and, 172, 179
field systems and, 188
high status, 193
hillforts and, 251
human remains and, 84, 214
of Irish Neolithic, 50
of Iron Age, 236, 244–246, 254
of Late Bronze Age, 181, 236
in Mesolithic period, 32
monuments and, 175
during Neolithic period, 38, 42, 171
of Orkney, 8
Outer Hebrides, 8
over urnfields, 212
regional forms of, 236
sustainability of, 177
tombs and, 110, 112
in uplands, 172
on Yorkshire Wolds, 258
settlement patterns
in Britain, 13, 58
dislocation in, 236
domesticated animals and, 30
interpretations of, 97
of Late Bronze Age, 223
in Neolithic period, 42
northern vs. southern Britain, 224
period divisions and, 179
Severn, River, 14, 252
Shanks, Michael, 4
Shannon, bronze weapons deposits in, 200
Sharples, Niall, 110
Sheridan, Alison, 101, 105, 116
Sherratt, Andrew, 17
Shetland, 7, 43
oval stone-built houses in,
settlement of, 8
Shinewater, 203
Silbury Hill, 131
Silchester, 276–278
single burials
definition of, 158–159
early fieldwork and, 158
Skara Brae, 95, 108
smiths
political control of, 232
social position of, 187
Snail Down, 164
field boundaries at, 151
social practices, 37
architectural form and, 105
development of, 31
evidence of, 32
graves and, 160, 186
iron and, 232
in Mesolithic period, 32, 35
travel and, 157
soils
during Iron Age, 242
in Late Bronze Age, 183
under monuments, 130
Solway, River, 14
Somerset Levels, 29, 36
souterrains, 254
South Cadbury, shield deposit at, 214
South Hornchurch, earthwork monument at, 208
South Lodge Camp, 190
post holes at, 193
South Uist, 170
southern Britain
Bronze Age in, 23
middens of, 232
monuments of, 122
Spratt, Don, 169
Springfield Lyons, 65, 208, 209–210, 237, 247
square barrows, round houses and, 266
stalled cairn, at Midhowe, 106
Stanton Drew, 123
materials for, 126
Stanwell, bank barrow at, 64
Star Carr, ritual activity at, 32
Station Stones, location of, 139
stone axes
distribution of, 133
at Mayburgh, 134
movement of, 134–135
exchange of, 74–75
Stonehall, 40, 41
excavated houses at, 110
Stonehenge, 6, 168
archaeology of, 5
Avebury vs., 160
bluestones of, 140
burials near, 160
concentric pits at, 138
cursus, 138
design of, 1, 23
Durrington Walls and, 138, 141
enclosures at, 82, 138
human remains at, 141
interior isolation of, 139
labor demand of, 141
landscape of, 138
layout of, 141, 176
linear cemeteries around, 176
materials of, 140
Mycenaean architecture and, 156
raw materials of,
second phase dates for, 138
Station Stones at, 139
timber to stone at, 139
timbers at, 86, 138
uniqueness of, 137
Stones of Stenness, 112, 126
Stukeley, William, 7, 159
Sun, tomb alignment with, 118
surface remains, documentation of, 7
Sutton Hoo, 151
swords, burials with, 264
Taplow, 208
Tara, passage tomb at, 168
Taverso Tuick, 110
Temple Wood, 118
Testwood, 203
textile production, 192
Thames
bronze weapon deposits in, 200
cursuses along, 68
metalwork from, 203
paths, platforms, causeways and, 184
weapons in, 6
Thames Estuary, burials in, 198
Thames Valley, open air middens in, 43
the dead
metalwork and, 185
remains at monuments of, 84
treatment in England of, 59–61
treatment in Ireland of, 59–61
Thomas, Julian, 35, 38, 44
Thomas, Roger, 237
Thornborough
cursus at, 83
lithic materials at, 136
Three Age Model, 26, 226
Thwing, 208, 212, 237, 242
Tievebulliagh, stone from, 133
Tilley, Christopher, 4
timber circles
at Balfarg, 123
internal organisation of, 123
stone settings and, 124
timber enclosures, earthwork monuments vs., 128
timber monuments, 86, 170
stone replacement of, 125
Timberlake, Simon, 172
tin
Cornish, 156
cross-Channel movement of, 156
sources of, 157
tombs. See also passage tombs; wedge tombs
domestic buildings and, 59
genealogy of, 54
of Neolithic period, 38
settlement links to, 110–112
Sun’s alignment with, 118
tools, deposition of, 186
Traprain Law, 222
travel, social power and, 157
treatment of the dead, England vs. Ireland, 59-- 61
tumuli. See round barrows
Tumulus Culture, Urnfield Culture vs., 178
Twyford Down, 189
Ulaid, 10
Unstan bowls, 106
Grooved Ware and, 116
uplands
cremation cemeteries in, 185
enclosure occupation in, 256
land use in, 172
monuments of, 172
settlement evidence from, 172
specialized monuments of, 172
Urnfield Culture, Tumulus Culture vs., 178
urnfields
replacement of round barrows by, 184
settlements over, 212
Vauxhall, structures at, 203
Wales
copper mining in, 172
political autonomy of, 11
Walesland Rath, 254
Wallingford, 204
Wandlebury, 251
Warner, Richard, 272
waterways, of Britain and Ireland, 16–20
Watson, Aaron, 136
Weald, 171
weapons
in Britain and Ireland, 224
in Continental Europe, 230
deposition of, 186
Early Iron Age distribution of, 236
of Late Bronze Age, 202
in Thames, 6, 200
wedge tombs
Beaker pottery and, 147
in western Ireland, 161
Weekley, 269
wells, ponds
deposits in, 212
domestic dwellings and, 190
Wessex
archaeological influence of, 153
Early Bronze Age, 166
earthwork barrows in, 166
monuments in, 161
West Cotton, 83
West Harling, 237
West Heslerton, 244
West Kennet, 130
West Row Fen, 170
West Whittlesey, 170
Western Europe, megalithic art in, 6
Wetwang Slack, 244, 264
Whitegrounds, 89
Whitehorse Stone, 44
Whitley, James, 84
Whittle, Alasdair, 38, 49
Wideford Hill, passage grave at, 110
Windmill Hill, 69, 72
Winklebury, 247
storage pits inside, 251
Wittenhem Clumps, 234, 251
wooden halls, in northern Britain, 62
wooden paths, 184
wooden structures, stone replacement of, 132
Woodhenge, 130
artefact distribution at, 124
timber setting at, 123
woodland, use of, 36
Woodside, 254
Wrekin, building platforms at, 251
Wyke Down, artefact distribution at, 126
Yarnton, 44
Yates, David, 210, 241
Yorkshire Wolds, 52, 266
agriculture on, 242
burial concentrations on, 154
chalk sculptures of, 264
earthworks on, 166, 244
Iron Age burials of, 263
land divisions of, 243
Late Bronze Age settlements of, 212
open settlements of, 258
round barrows of, 80