Abstract concepts
activation, 156
vs. concrete concepts, 19
acquisition, 172
linguistic experience, 171
neural processing, 172
organisational principles, 171
verbal associative networks, 171
Abstract conditions
task demands, 156
Abstractness, 213
Abstract nouns
vs. concrete nouns, 150
perceptually-based representations, 165
Abstract verbs
non-cognates, 108
Abstract words see alsoConcrete and abstract words
activation, 160, 162
category membership, 18
vs. concrete words, 155
ventral temporal lobe, 161
vs. concrete words activation, 170
fMRI, 158
IFG, 163
lexical decision, 165
non-cognates, 108
parietal lobe, 163
semantic effects, 18
semantic similarity and association, 20
temporal pole, 163
ACC see Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Acceptation
functional knowledge, 49
Access and storage deficits
mixed pattern of, 23
Access cases
vs. degenerative cases
temporal factors, 5
Access deficits
semantic distance effects,
semantic relatedness, 7
vs. storage deficits, 3, 4
Acetylcholine, 21
Action
basal ganglia direct loop, 239
vs. non-action features
task manipulations, 185
nouns and verbs, 212
picture matching task, 213
prefrontal and parietal cortex, 214
Action and tool
categorization
multimodal integration, 198
semantics, 196–7
Action naming, 46
body parts, 47
Action-object distinction, 212
Action observation
parietal cortex, 188
Action potentials
down to up state, 229
Action-selective effects
LPMT, 192
Action-selective left posterior middle temporal region
sensory experience, 191
Action-selectivity, 187
motor area connections, 191
Action semantics
neural systems, 183, 188–9
visuo-motor system, 186–8
Action type
visual experience, 189–90
Action verbs, 284
faces, 37
leg related, 37
selective impairment, 10
Action words
premotor cortex, 309
Activation, 268
abstract concepts, 156
abstract words, 160, 162
conjunction analysis, 185
inferior frontal region, 160
inferior parietal, 188
LPMT, 189, 190
posterior mid-temporal gyrus, 343
RT in lexical decision study, 163
semantic representation, 168
task performance, 331
temporal lobes, 343
Activation (cont.)
TPO junction, 343
ventral visual pathway, 161
visuo-motor system, 197
Acute cerebral blood
flow language symptoms, 223
Adaptation paradigms
processing characteristics
brain regions, 315
Added phrase, 250
Additive-amplitude method, 74–6, 86, 97, 99
future, 99–100
modularity as revealed by, 81–2
Additive-factor method, 66, 76
Additivity
electrodes, 81
electrode sites, 85
region, 81
Additivity-obscuring processor, 80, 97
Agrammatic patients
non-fluent aphasics, 34
Agrammatism
syntactic level
verb retrieval, 35
AIP see Anterior intraparietal area (AIP)
All-English experiments
full sentences, 115
Allport's model, 30, 31
Alzheimer's disease, 7, 23, 250, 255, 275
content, 255
episodic memory, 255
MTL, 50
rule-based categorisation, 257
semantic memory loss, 255
Ambiguous features, 286
Ambiguous pattern, 87
Amplitude additivity, 77–8, 94, 112
Amplitudes
normalized, 74
scalp potentials, 70
Amygdala
social and affective processes, 321
Analogous dissociations
semantic system, 16
Anatomic findings
animal-specific semantic knowledge, 334
Anatomic localization
specific categories, 335
Animal(s)
categorization, 343
distributed representation, 309–11
fusiform gyrus, 311
fusiform gyrus bilateral activity, 310
gender, 44
lesion anatomical location, 44
males, 44
nouns, 284
occipital lesion, 309
vs. plants
gender-related familiarity factors, 45
semantic detectors for stimuli, 338
semantic memory, 333
STS, 311
temporal lobe lesions, 44
vs. tools
PET, 310
words, 266
Animal category
sound stimuli, 340
Animal drawings, 268
Animal object name
clusters of activity, 283
Animal pictures
fusiform gyrus, 316
naming, 315
tool pictures, 185
Animal words
tools words, 185
Animate objects, 303
lateral temporal cortices, 321
Animate stimuli, 10
Anomic patients
fluent aphasics, 34
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
FTD, 136
hypoperfusion, 136
Anterior intraparietal area (AIP), 187
manipulable objects vs. non-manipulable objects, 184
manipulation,
Anteromedial regions, 288
AoA
fMRI, 118–20
grammatical judgment, 119
modulations, 120
semantic tasks, 118
syntactic processing, 117
Aphasia
basal ganglia lesions, 223
fluent
anomic patients, 34
MRI, 223
nonfluent
primary progressive, 210
non-fluent
agrammatic patients, 34
nouns and verbs, 34, 209
optic, 47
primary progressive
VST,
Architecture
learning speed, 68
task generalization, 68
Artefacts
ability to identify, 37
brain correlates of category-specific semantic disorders, 44
category-specific deficit, 302
vs. category-specific disorders for biological entities, 33
functional properties, 49
gender, 44
identification, 37
functional attributes, 39
impairment, 37
lateral temporal cortices, 321
men, 44
semantic system diffuse damage, 41
of stimulus selection
category-specific semantic disorders for living entities, 38
Associated familiarity, 269
Associatively close arrays, 19
Associative processing
proficiency level, 113
Associative strength
lexical ambiguity priming, 236
Associative words
N400 priming effect, 113
Asymmetrical model H, 109
Asymmetry proposal, 109
Asynchrony, 86
Attractor network model, 278
Auditory presentation
nouns, 91
Autoassociated, 30
Automatic semantic priming
neural activity, 318
SOA, 109
Automatic tasks, 287
Basal ganglia
actions, 224–5
aphasia, 223
circuits, 220
closed circuits, 220–2
core language, 222–3
cortical function, 220
direct loop
actions, 239
cognition, 239
fMRI, 239
functions
semantic priming, 239
future research, 238–40
intention, 223–4
intentionally guided attention
semantic priming studies, 232–3
language semantics, 219–40
lexical item retrieval
word generation, 225–7
linguistic and semantic processes, 219
semantic and related language functions, 220
semantic priming, 233–4
SOA, 237
suppression, 227
word generation, 228
Basic-level naming
fMRI, 289
temporal lobe, 290
Behavioral perspective
anatomic regions subserving semantic processing, 342
Bi-directional lexical-semantic connections
semantic model, 280
Bilateral ventral occipitotemporal
objects, 304
Bilingual(s)
L2-concept connections, 111
monolingual
semantic judgment, 118
Russian-German
semantic violation paradigm, 119
Bilingualism
co-ordinative
L1-L2 interaction, 106
language-tagged lexical forms, 107
Bilingual language processing
ERP, 105
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 105
Bilingual recognition system, 116
Bilingual semantic memory
ERP, 111–13
ERP and fMRI, 105–21
Binding
perirhinal cortex, 293
Binocular rivalry
tool pictures, 192
Biological categories
category interaction
gender, 44
Biological entities
functional attributes, 41
Biological mechanisms, 22
Block format
tasks, 225
Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD), 157
Bodies
neural processing substrates, 335
Body movements
parietal region, 212
prefrontal cortex, 212
white matter tracts, 212
Body parts
action names, 47
identification, 37
impairment, 37
naming, 46
BOLD see Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD)
Brain activation
correlation map, 140
semantic feature, 116
task demands, 116
Brain conceptual knowledge
semantic refractory access deficits, 10
Brain correlates of category-specific semantic disorders
artefacts, 44
living beings, 44
Brain damage, 273
category-specific deficit, 248
disorders in identification of living beings and artefacts, 37–46
familiarity, 273
naming animals vs. artefacts, 206
SE, 267
Brain maps
recall, 141
Brain regions
adaptation paradigms processing characteristics, 315
Brainstem potentials
scalp, 69
Categorical organisation
concrete concepts, 19
information stored in
evolutionary significance, 341
semantic relatedness, 13
Categorical pairs
N400 priming effect, 113
Categorical processing
critical period, 113
Categorization, 247, 248, 250, 251
rule-based, 248
Category
task, 186
Category-based and feature-based framework
object memory, 342
Category interaction
biological categories
gender, 44
Category judgment task, 137
with word pairs
fMRI, 336
Category member generation, 225
Category membership
abstract words, 18
semantic similarity, 18
subjects determining, 338
Category-related neural systems
top-down activity, 321–3
Category-related patterns
fusiform gyrus, 310
Category-selective activations
semantic level, 185
Category-specific deficit
for animals and plant-life, 43
cerebral artery, 43
temporal lobes, 43
artefacts, 302
for biological entities
vs. artefacts, 33
inanimate objects, 302
for nouns and verbs
cognitive defects, 34, 35
tools, 302
for verbs, 35
Category-specific model, 182, 277
Category-specific naming disorders
visuo-verbal disconnection, 46–8
Category-specific semantic deficits, 275
anatomical locus, 28–51
brain damage, 248
HSE, 276
living and non-living items, 183
for living beings and artefacts
interpretation of, 39–41
systematic review, 43
for living entities
artefact of stimulus selection, 38
objections, 38–9
living things, 266, 268
neuroanatomical correlates, 46
neuroanatomical lesions, 33
Category-specific vs. distributed neural systems, 281–4
Central processes, 96
Cerebral artery
category-specific disorders for animals and plant-life, 43
selective naming impairment for fruit and vegetables, 47
Cerebral cortex
nouns and verbs, 208
Cholinergic activity, 222
Cingulate cortex
concrete imageable concepts, 163
Cingulate gyrus
increasing task difficulty, 165
Cingulate region, 169
Circuits
basal ganglia, 220
Classical associationistic views, 30
Close and distant within-category arrays, 7
Closed circuits
basal ganglia impact, 220–2
Clustered acquisition
scanning, 167
Cognates
concrete words and nouns, 108
vs. non-cognates
processing, 108
Cognition
basal ganglia direct loop, 239
vs. motion
verbs, 37
Cognitive defect
category-specific disorders for nouns and verbs, 34, 35
grammatical category, 35
lexical level, 35
verbs, 35
Cognitive model, 30
semantic memory, 265–94
semantic organisation, 182–4
Cognitive operation
stimulus, 186
Cognitive processing, 230
mapping, 233
Cognitive science
naming, 205
Cognitive task study
neuropsychologists, 67
Collateral sulcus
T1-weighted scan, 292
Color
occipital lobes, 308
PET, 307
Color imagery
double dissociation, 308
ventral temporal lobe, 308
Color perception
double dissociation, 308
occipital sites, 308
Color word generation, 306
fusiform gyrus, 308
temporal lobe, 308
Common proper names
vs. famous proper names
refractoriness, 9
Competing movements
suppressing, 224
Complex feature integration, 291
Complex motion processing
lateral temporal cortex, 312
Compound and sub-ordinative hypothesis, 107
Comprehension, 11
mass nouns, 13
nouns and verbs, 34
proper nouns, 13
vocabulary, 4
Computational
modeling study
refractory access/storage distinction, 21
Concept mediation models
cross-language semantic priming, 107
Concepts
dimension, 269
Conceptual activities, 28
Conceptual functions, 29
Conceptual knowledge
categorical organisation, 32–48
cerebral organisation, 3
functional brain imaging, 316
organisation, 303
perceptual experience, 149
semantic relatedness, 13
thesaurus, 3
Conceptual links, 111
Conceptual processes
word imageability, 150
Conceptual representations
format, 29–32
functional brain imaging, 302–25
neural foundations, 302–25
sensory-motor hypothesis, 160
underlying perceptual activities, 29–32
Conceptual semantic information, 210
Conceptual space
organisation, 12
Conceptual structure account (CSA), 183,265–94
behavioral evidence, 271–3
category-specific semantic impairments, 273
functional imaging techniques, 271–3
future, 293
healthy participants, 278–81
living things, 277
model, 266–71
network, 270
neural instantiation, 281–4
neuropsychological patient studies, 273–8
property generation studies, 271–3
Conceptual system mapping, 105
Concrete and abstract words
contrast, 158
judgments, 161
lexical decision study, 170
neuroimaging studies, 150–6
nonwords, 157
semantic decision task, 163
similarity difference (SD) scores, 162
temporal lobe, 160
Concrete concepts, 11
vs. abstract concepts, 18, 19
acquisition, 172
categorical organisational principle, 19
cingulate cortex, 163
nouns and verbs, 206–8
perceptual-motor systems, 150
prefrontal cortex, 163
sentence comprehension, 85–91
task demands, 156
Concrete nouns
vs. abstract nouns, 150
Concrete words, 85
vs. abstract words, 155, 170
ventral temporal lobe, 161
cognates, 108
comprehension, 19
fMRI, 158
knowledge base, 19
vs. nonwords, 159
semantic similarity and association, 20
Confounding
functional properties, 49
Conjunction analysis
activations, 185
Connectionist model, 22, 31, 42
Connections
across and within systems, 348–51
Content
Alzheimer's disease, 255
Content and process
in semantic memory, 261
Content knowledge
SD, 258
Content words, 205
Context
sentence comprehension, 85–91
Context-dependent fashion, 187
Context information
L2 learners, 114
Contrast
concrete and abstract words, 158
Convergence
images, 30
sensory inputs, 291
zones, 208
Co-ordinative bilingualism
L1-L2 interaction, 106
Co-registered structural magnetic resonance imaging
with dense electrode arrays, 99
Core language
basal ganglia, 222–3
Core semantic structure
nouns and verbs, 213
Corpus callosum, 47
electrophysiological experiments, 150
Correlation map
brain activation, 140
Cortex
basal ganglia, 220
correlating with functions, 117
dominant meaning, 237
gamma rhythm
memory, 341
motor system
word-word feature binding task, 348
neuromodulators, 22
overlapping patterns, 315–16
stimulation mapping
object naming, 117
word naming, 212
Cortical damage
semantic memory, 247–61
Critical period
categorical processing, 113
Cross-language priming, 108
concept mediation models, 107
CSA see Conceptual structure account (CSA)
Cue, 232
D1 activity
direct loop, 234–6
Damasio's model, 32
Decision tasks
LPMT, 189
Decision times
semantic knowledge, 166
Degenerative conditions, 274
vs. access cases
temporal factors, 5
semantic relatedness, 7
serial position effects, 6
Dense electrode arrays
co-registered structural MRI, 99
Diagnosticity, 259
Differential weighting hypothesis, 33, 47
Direct loop
D1 activity, 234–6
Discordant condition, 234
Discrete-stage architecture, 97
Disorganisation
FTD, 142
Display
tool-selectivity, 195
Dissociation, 186
clinical data, 33
verb production difficulties, 207
Distant arrays, 19
Distinctive properties
living things, 278
Distributed hypothesis, 260
DLPFC see Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Domain-level naming, 288
fMRI, 289
Domains, 269
of knowledge hypothesis, 42–4
specific account, 323
specific knowledge systems hypothesis, 40, 41
Dominant meaning
cortical lesions, 237
SOA, 237
Dominant pallidotomy, 219
Donders' method of subtraction, 99
Dopaminergic modulation
Parkinson's disease, 238
Dopaminergic projections
substantia nigra pars compacta, 222
Dorsal stream of visual processing, 46
spatial and action functions, 46
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
FTD, 136
semantic processing, 345
Dorsomedial nucleus, 349
Dorso-ventral dissociation
tool-selective activations, 194
Double dissociation, 19, 36, 182, 190
color perception and imagery, 308
between perceptual knowledge about verbs and grammatical properties, 211
Drawing performance, 267
D1 receptor, 235
Dual-coding theory, 85, 171
Dutch-only word
N400 priming, 115
Dynamic Causal Modeling, 195
Dysgraphic, 11
Dyslexic, 11
Dysphasic, 11
Early learners, 112
EEG see Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Effective Connectivity Analyses, 195
Elderly
categorization, 250
Electrical brain activity
ERP, 111
recording, 83
Electrical cortical interference, 344
Electrical evidence
spatially distributed brain activity, 352
Electrical interference
fusiform gyrus, 345
temporal gyrus, 345
Electrodes, 80, 81, 84
additivity, 85
factors interacting, 79
feature binding, 349
interaction, 79
repetition and relatedness interaction effects, 92
repetition and relatedness main effects, 92
word and stem main effects, 88
word X stem interaction effects, 88
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 68, 86
ERP, 69
Encapsulated, 82
Encoding process
object, 352
Encyclopedic knowledge
vs. semantic primitives, 304
English city name identification
geographical proximity, 14
English-only word
N400 priming, 115
Entorhinal cortex, 45
Episodic memory, 252, 291
Alzheimer's disease, 255
Equipotential models, 67
ERP see Event-related potentials (ERP)
ESFT, 206, 214
Event-related potentials (ERP), 65, 68–70, 77, 86, 92, 113–6
amplitude, 72–3, 88
bilingual language processing, 105
bilingual semantic memory, 111–3
EEG signals, 69
electrical brain activity, 111
experimental conditions, 72
fMRI
bilingual semantic memory, 105–21
latency, 84
levels of analysis, 70–2
L2 learners, 116
MEG techniques, 99
prerequisites, 69–70
revealing independently functioning processing modules, 68
scalp topography, 78
semantic memory functional modularity, 65–100
semantic priming studies, 112
single word vs. sentence processing, 114
source localization, 99
task performance, 331
typical topography analysis, 73
Evolutionary essential items
knowledge systems, 341
Evolutionary hypothesis, 260
Evolutionary significance
information stored in categorical organisation, 341
Evolutionary view, 249
Exception word naming
lexical mechanism, 166
Excitatory stimulation, 235
Executive attention, 224
Extrastriate, 281
Faces
action verbs, 37
distributed representation, 309–11
fusiform gyrus, 310
fusiform gyrus bilateral activity, 310
neural processing substrates, 335
Factorial design, 71–2
Factorially manipulated
semantic category, 195
Factors interact at some sites, 79–81
False localization
semantic memory, 334
False positive responses
schizophrenia, 140
Familiarity, 11
associated, 269
brain damage, 273
vs. imageability, 172
Famous proper names
vs. common proper names
refractoriness, 9
Farnsworth-Munsell Color Perception Task, 308
Far spreading activation theory
FTD, 135
Feature-based account
semantic memory, 183
Feature-based model
semantic memory, 196–7
Feature-based object retrieval
semantic memory, 142
Feature binding
electrodes, 349
thalamus, 348
Feature distinctiveness, 269
Feedback, 252, 280
Females
fruit and vegetables, 44
Final-word concreteness main effects
topographies, 87
Fine grain
category specific deficits, 10, 13
PET, 309
semantic organisation within broad categories, 10–3
Firing rate
adaptation effects, 21
presynaptic neuron, 22
Flow language symptoms
acute cerebral blood, 223
Fluency, 110
Fluent aphasics
anomic patients, 34
fMRI see Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Fodorian central process, 97
Fodor's modules, 82
Food
semantic information, 338
Formal thought disorder (FTD), 133, 250, 255
ACC, 136
clinical assessment tool, 134
disorganisation, 142
DLPFC, 136
far spreading activation theory, 135
fMRI, 139
inferior frontal gyrus, 136
Formal thought disorder (cont.)
negative vs. positive, 134
neuroimaging studies, 135–6
overbinding, 142
PET, 136
semantic memory, 134–5
semantic network associational activation, 135
semantic object recall neural correlates, 138–42
semantic priming, 135
STS, 136
symptoms, 133–4, 138
Frontal lobe
object, 350
verb activation, 37
Frontalvs. temporal activation
L2 semantic tasks, 120
Fronto-parietal areas, 46
Fruits and vegetables
females, 44
temporal lobe lesions, 44
visual attributes, 47
FTD see Formal thought disorder (FTD)
Full sentences
all-English experiments, 115
Function
vs. manipulation, 190
Functional attributes
biological entities, 41
results, 87
Functional brain imaging, 46, 184
conceptual knowledge, 316
conceptual structure account, 265
object properties and categories, 304–6
tool and action processing
future directions, 196
Functional independence, 82
Functional information
vs. visual information, 39
Functional knowledge
acceptation, 49
vs. manipulation, 190–1
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 294
abstract words, 158
AoA, 118–20
basal ganglia, 239
basic-level naming, 289
bilingual language processing, 105
category judgment task with word pairs, 336
concrete words, 158
domain-level naming, 289
FTD, 139
imageability, 156
moving geometric forms, 322
multimodal integration, 198
naming pictures of animals, 305
nonsense syllables, 225
nonwords, 158
object categories, 315
picture naming, 334
regional brain activity, 251
semantic decisions, 282
semantic object memory, 346
SORT, 138
subtraction, 66
task performance, 331
visual lexical decision task, 158
word generation, 225
words and nonwords, 155
Functional modules, 66
multiple comparisons, 83–5
Functional properties
confounding, 49
Functional similarity
semantic memory revealed
statistical considerations, 82–5
Fusiform gyrus
animal and tools pictures, 316
animals, 311
bilateral activity
faces, 310
category-related patterns, 310
color word generation, 308
conceptual processing, 316–8
electrical interference, 345
faces, 310
mental imagery, 155
nouns, 210
object, 306, 314
object color, 308
repetition-related reductions in hemodynamic responses, 317
tools, 313
top-down vs. bottom-up processes, 321
visual object images, 317
word imageability, 164
Fusiform tool region, 194
GABA, 221, 222
Gamma rhythm
cortex
memory, 341
Gender
animals, plant life, artefacts, 44
category interaction biological categories, 44
familiarity factors
animals vs. plants, 45
living categories identification, 43
living vs. non-living things, 44
non-living categories identification, 43
Gender-related familiarity effects, 38
Generalized brain/behavioral organisation principles
object memory, 332
Generation tasks
LPMT, 189
Geographical domain
knowledge base, 15
Geographical information
experiments, 15
Geographical knowledge
global comprehension deficit, 14
organisation, 14–6
spoken word-written word matching task, 14
Geographical proximity, 14
English city name identification, 14
Geometric forms
fMRI, 322
German
PET
verbs and pseudo-verbs, 214
Geschwind's model, 47
Global analysis, 87
Global comprehension deficit
geographical knowledge, 14
Global level
language context, 115
Globus pallidus
operative procedures, 219
Glutamate, 220, 222
Grammatical category
cognitive defect, 35
hypothesis, 36
Grammatical judgment
AoA, 119
Grasping objects
premotor and intraparietal regions
tools, 314
Gratings
hemodynamic responses, 311
Group averaged hemodynamic responses
moving humans and tools, 313
Gyrus, 284
semantic judgment, 345
Hand manipulations
vs. whole body movements, 189
perceptual level,
Hemisphere
word-generation tasks, 227
Hemisphere X Anterior-Posterior, 94
Hemodynamic responses
moving gratings, 311
repetition-related reductions in
fusiform gyrus, 317
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE), 37, 49, 275, 277, 333
category-specific semantic impairments, 276
Hierarchical object processing system, 286–93
High property target word, 280
Houses
distributed representation, 309–11
neural processing substrates, 335
HSE see Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)
Human figures
vs. tools
lateral temporal cortex, 314
Human motion
vs. tools
MTG, 312
Humans and tools
group averaged hemodynamic responses, 313
Huntington's disease, 240
Hybrid semi-connectionist networks, 67
Hyperdirect loop, 221
semantic priming suppression, 236–8
Hypoperfusion
ACC, 136
VLPFC, 136
Identification
artefacts, 37
body parts, 37
IFG see Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
Imageability, 150
Images
vs. familiarity, 172
fMRI, 156
lexical and semantic decisions, 167, 169
lexical decision, 156–7
low-frequency exception word naming, 166
nouns and verbs, 206–8
positive effects, 155
semantic decision, 160–1
static vs. moving
STS and MTG, 312
vs. task difficulty, 165
word naming, 166–8
Imaging studies
semantic processing tasks, 159
Inanimate objects
category-specific deficit, 302
Inanimate stimuli, 10
Indirect loop
semantic priming suppression, 236–8
Indirect priming, 135
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
abstract words, 163
FTD, 136
increasing task difficulty, 165
L1 phonological processing, 119
Inferior frontal region
activation, 160
Inferior parietal
activation, 188
Inferior temporal cortex (IT), 187
Inferotemporal lobe (ITL), 45, 293
Information processing
architecture, 67
neural processors, 71
separate parallel stream, 80
Insula
increasing task difficulty, 165
Integrated object concept
semantic memory, 351
Integration, 91, 96–7
implications, 96
Intention
basal ganglia, 223–4
Interactionism
vs. modularity, 66–8
Interaction-yielding processor, 97
Internal structure, 273
Intracranial potentials, 71
Invariant, 76
IT see Inferior temporal cortex (IT)
Italian-speaking patient
mirror deficit, 211
Item frequency, 11
ITL see Inferotemporal lobe (ITL)
Judgments, 253
concrete and abstract nouns triads, 161
Knowledge
domains, 15, 266, 268, 303
explicitly expressed, 304
expression and representation, 303–4
neural substrates, 28
systems
evolutionary essential items, 341
L1 activation during L2 processing
primes, 115
Language
clinical and neurosurgical research, 117
global level, 115
lexical forms
bilingualism, 107
selectivity, 115
semantics
basal ganglia, 219–40
switching, 115
system
expression, 303
Late learners, 112
Latency
ERP, 84
Late positive complex (LPC), 86
Lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS)
T1-weighted scan, 292
Lateral temporal cortex
animate objects and artefacts, 321
complex motion processing, 312
human figures vs. tools, 314
motion properties, 311–4
object, 305, 306
verb generation and activation, 306
L2-concept connections
bilinguals, 111
LDT see Lexical decision tasks (LDT)
Leaky modularity, 84
Learners
late, 112
Learning
dependent modulation
object category-related activity, 315–6
neural circuitry, 320
related changes
repetition suppression, 317
speed
architecture, 68
Left posterior middle temporal region (LPMT), 188
action-selective
sensory experience, 191
action-selective effects, 192
activation, 189, 190
decision or generation tasks, 189
manipulation
semantic tasks or written words, 189
stimulus, 191
tool category and action retrieval, 193
Lemma level, 110
Lexical access, 335
vs. semantic knowledge, 336
Lexical ambiguity priming
associative strength, 236
Lexical concepts, 108, 109
Lexical decision tasks (LDT), 32, 109, 162, 165
abstract words, 165
concrete and abstract words, 170
imageability, 167
effects, 156–7
normal semantic priming, 134
primed, 115
semantic knowledge, 156
visual-perceptual knowledge, 164
Lexical forms
language
bilingualism, 107
Lexical impairment
living beings, 43
Lexical item retrieval
basal ganglia
word generation, 225–7
Lexical level
cognitive defect, 35
RHM, 114
word generation, 233–4
Lexical links, 111
Lexical mechanism
exception word naming, 166
Lexical-semantic memory, 205, 333
for objects
perceptual featural organisation, 336
Lexicon
orthographic and phonological, 166
whole-word phonological representations, 166
Linear superposition, 75
Linguistic processes
abstract concepts, 171
basal ganglia injury, 219
Living things, 289, 303
vs. artefacts, 33
brain correlates of category-specific semantic disorders, 44
category-specific semantic deficits, 183, 266, 268
CSA, 277
dissociation with non-living things, 9
distinctive properties, 278
functional properties, 49
identification
gender, 43
visual properties, 39
identification impairment, 37
vs. man-made artefact domain, 33
lexical impairment, 43
naming or recognizing, 38
vs. non-living, 11
gender, 44
refractoriness, 9
RT, 278
priming experiment, 278
semantic dementia, 48
visual attributes, 47
weakly correlated distinctive features, 279
women, 44
word-picture matching, 277
L1–L2 asymmetry
in processing, 109–10
L2 learners
context information, 114
ERP, 116
L1–L2 interaction
co-ordinative bilingualism, 106
Localizing regions
semantic processing, 343
Locus of interference
N200 114
LOTS see Lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS)
Low-frequency exception word naming
imageability, 166
LPC see Late positive complex (LPC)
L1 phonological processing
inferior frontal gyrus, 119
L2 phonological processing
phonological processing, 119
LPMT see Left posterior middle temporal region (LPMT)
L2 semantic tasks, 111
frontal vs. temporal activation, 120
L2 STG activation
phonological processing, 119
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
aphasia, 223
co-registered structural
with dense electrode arrays, 99
Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 65
ERP, 99
Males See also Men
animals, 44
Manipulable objects, 38
vs. non-manipulable objects, 191
AIP, 184
Manipulation, 338
AIP
vs. function, 190
vs. functional knowledge, 190–1
LPMT
ventral premotor
Man-made artefact domain, 13
vs. living beings impairment, 33
Man-made objects
sensory-motor mechanisms, 46
Mapping
cognitive processing, 233
isolated preservation, 10
Masked vs. unmasked priming, 109
Massive structural interconnectivity, 67
Mass nouns
comprehension, 13
Master binder, 293
Medial globus pallidus, 230
Medial temporal lobe (MTL), 45, 50
Alzheimer's disease, 50
Mediating processing
synchronizing rhythms, 346
MEG see Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Men
artefacts, 44
Mental imagery
fusiform gyrus, 155
Mentally visualized, 150
Methylmalonic enzyme, 259
Midbrain reticular activating system
increasing task difficulty, 165
Middle cerebral artery
blockage, 223
stroke, 11
Middle cortex lesions
noun production deficits, 208
Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)
motion, 312
object-associated motion, 312
tools, 311, 313
tool vs. human motion, 312
Mid-fusiform gyrus
word imageability, 161
Minimal syntactic frame
noun or verb phrase, 211
Mirror deficit, 211
Italian-speaking patient, 211
Misclassification
semantic memory impairment, 249
Modal
specificity, 16–8
Modality
specific deficits
VST, 209
specific higher visual association cortex, 164
specific refractory deficits, 17
specific semantic storage deficits, 18
specific sensory-motor systems, 149
tool-selectivity, 195
Modularity
vs. interactionism, 66–8
sentence comprehension, 85–91
Modular organisation
semantic knowledge, 281
Module
definition, 66
Monkey
vs. human
neuron areas, 188
Monolingual
vs. bilinguals
semantic judgment, 118
Motion
vs. cognition
verbs, 37
Motion (cont.)
MTG, 312
properties
lateral temporal cortex, 311–4
related information, 284
temporal sulcus, 311
STS, 312
Motor area connections
action-selectivity, 191
Motor memories, 338
Motor schemata, 208
Motor system
signal change patterns, 338
MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MTG see Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)
MTL see Medial temporal lobe (MTL)
Multifocal cerebral tumours
refractoriness, 23
Multimodal integration
action and tool categorization, 198
fMRI, 198
Multimodal network model, 31
Multimodal semantic processing, 341
Multimodal semantic relationship
between semantic entities, 343
Multiple modality-specific semantic systems hypothesis, 31
parsimony principle, 31
Multiple selective impairments, 10
N200
locus of interference, 114
single word and sentences, 114
Naming
animal and tools pictures, 315
animals
fMRI, 305
ventral premotor cortex, 316
cognitive science, 205
compromised, 16
living things, 38
performance, 275
tools
ventral premotor cortex, 316
visuo-verbal disconnection, 46
Natural categories
semantic information, 338
Natural complex human movements, 190
Naturally-formed categories, 252
Natural response pace, 5
N400 component, 87, 91, 112
semantic priming, 112
Network
CSA, 270
Neural activity, 69
automatic semantic priming, 318
Neural and cognitive information processing
questions, 99
Neural basis of bilingual semantic memory, 116–18
Neural circuits
learning, 320
object property information, 318–20
property-based
object categories, 309
Neural foundations
conceptual representations, 302–25
Neural hybrid model
of semantic memory, 331–53
Neural instantiation
CSA, 281–4
Neural mechanisms
composite figure, 351
tool and action processing, 197–8
Neural processing, 71
abstract concepts, 172
bodies, 335
faces, 335
information processing, 71
Neural regions
knowledge domains, 266
Neural semantic detector model
nonverbal sound of objects and animals, 339
Neural substrates
knowledge, 28
Neural systems
action semantic features, 183
action semantics, 188–9
processing tools and action semantics, 182–98
sensory deprivation, 191
speech production, 210
Neuroanatomical correlates
category-specific semantic disorders, 46
disorders selectively affecting nouns and verbs, 35–6
disorders specifically affecting living and non-living things, 42–3
Neuroanatomical substrates, 28
Neurodegenerative diseases, 275
semantic memory impairments, 248
Neuroimaging studies
concrete and abstract word processing, 150–6
FTD, 135–6
Neuromodulators, 22
cortex, 22
refractory access deficits, 21
Neuron areas
monkey vs. human, 188
Neurophysiological basis
semantic refractory access disorders, 21–3
Neurophysiological studies
non-human primates
Neuropsychological patient studies
CSA, 273–8
Neuropsychologists
cognitive task study, 67
Neuroscientific investigations
semantic memory, 343
Neurosurgery
bilingual, 117
Neurotransmitters, 22, 220, 222
Non-cognates
abstracts words and verbs, 108
Non-distinctive information, 267
Non-fluent aphasics
agrammatic patients, 34
Non-fluent primary progressive aphasics, 210
Non-human primates
neurophysiological studies
Non-linguistic concepts
semantic forms, 108
Non-living categories identification
gender, 43
Non-living concepts
vs. living concepts, 11
Nonliving domains, 266, 272
Non-living things
category-specific semantic deficits, 183
deficit, 39
dissociation, 9
vs. living things
dissociation with, 9
refractoriness, 9
RT, 278
Non-manipulable objects
vs. manipulable objects, 191
Non-member foils, 256
Nonsense syllables, 226
fMRI, 225
Non-sound stimuli, 340
Nonstructural design, 72–3
Nonthreatening stimuli, 340
Nonverbal sound
of objects and animals
neural semantic detector model, 339
targets, 339
Nonwords
concrete and abstract words, 157
vs. concrete words, 159
fMRI, 158
letter string, 232, 234
Noradrenaline, 21
Normal semantic priming
lexical decision task, 134
Nouns
auditory presentation, 91
fusiform gyrus, 214
minimal syntactic frame, 211
naming
selective deficits, 211
production deficits
middle cortex lesions, 208
representing animals and tools, 284
vs. verbs, 206
concrete knowledge, 207
Nouns and verbs, 212
aphasia, 209
aphasic patients, 34
cerebral cortex, 208
comprehension, 34
concreteness or imageability, 207
core semantic structure, 213
disorders in production and comprehension, 34–7
distinction, 212
imageability and concreteness, 206–8
objects and actions, 212
semantic core approach, 213–14
semantic dementia, 209
semantic representation, 205–14
sensory/functional approaches, 205–6
visual and sensorimotor features, 208–11
Novel animal study, 258
Novel category, 251
Novel objects
left lateral view, 319
N400 priming
associative words, 113
categorical pairs, 113
Dutch-only word, 115
English-only word, 115
NT400 priming modulations, 114
Null hypothesis, 82–3
Number produced
words, 136
Objects
associated color, 306–8
associated motion, 306–8
MTG, 312
STS, 312
categories, 304
fMRI, 315
learning-dependent modulation, 315–16
color, 307
fusiform gyrus, 308
ventral temporal cortex, 307
decisions tasks
semantic degradation, 32
form, 307
memory, 291
category-based and feature-based framework, 342
neural processing substrates, 335
nouns and verbs, 212
phase-scrambled images, 319
processing, 287
properties
neural circuits, 318–20
retrieving information, 306–8
recall, 139
feature binding, 348
semantic memory, 137
thalamus, 348
ventrolateral occipito-temporal cortex, 214
word pairs, 317
Occipital lobes
animals, 309
color, 308
color perception, 308
stimuli, 334
Occipitotemporal cortex
bilateral ventral
objects, 304
PET, 309
processing stream, 287
visual imagery, 316
Old age
breaking down, 100
processing ossified, 100
On-line
identification of objects/items producing sounds, 340
language processing, 279
priming, 280
Operative procedures
globus pallidus, 219
Optic aphasia, 47
Organisation
conceptual knowledge, 303
conceptual space, 12
geographical knowledge, 14–16
principles
abstract concepts, 171
Organized Unitary Content Hypothesis (OUCH), 29
OUCH see Organized Unitary Content Hypothesis (OUCH)
Overbinding
FTD, 142
Pallidum, 230
PANSS see Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS)
Pantomime understanding, 36
Parahippocampal region, 45
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models, 67, 97
Parietal cortex
actions, 214
Parietal lobe
abstract words, 163
action observation, 188
body movements, 212
Parieto-occipital cortex, 169
Parkinson's disease, 227, 235, 239
dopaminergic modulation, 238
impairment site, 238
Parsimony principle
multiple modality-specific semantic systems hypothesis, 31
unitary abstract model, 31
PDP see Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
Perception, 28, 29
conceptual knowledge, 149
hand manipulations vs. whole body movements
lexical-semantic memory for objects, 336
moving stimuli, 186
reading motion words, 186
Perceptual-motor systems
concrete concepts, 150
Perceptual priming
tool-selectivity, 195
Perfect learner, 253
Perirhinal cortex, 45, 291
binding, 293
multimodal features, 293
PET see Positron emission tomography (PET)
Phase-scrambled images
objects, 319
Phonological processing
L2 phonological processing, 119
L2 STG activation, 119
Picture matching task
action, 213
Picture naming
fMRI, 334
PET, 334
verbs, 211
Picture stimulus arrays
word-picture matching, 12
Picture-word stimuli, 348
Pizza-versus-quarter, 251
Plants
vs. animals
gender-related familiarity factors, 45
gender, 44
Position effects
refractoriness, 8
Position X Anterior-Posterior, 94
Position X Relatedness, 94
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), 139
Positron emission tomography (PET)
color, 307
fine-grained category-related differences, 309
FTD, 136
German
verbs and pseudo-verbs, 214
occipitotemporal cortex, 309
picture naming, 334
subtraction, 66
task performance, 331
tools vs. animals, 310
Posterior mid-temporal gyrus
activation, 343
Post-lexical integration, 112
Prefrontal cortex, 169, 212, 251
actions, 214
body movements, 212
concrete imageable concepts, 163
objects, 304
verb production deficits, 208
Premotor cortex
action word generation, 309
grasping objects
tools, 314
increasing task difficulty, 165
signal changes, 336
stimulus, 191
Pre-SMA basal ganglia circuit, 220, 221
word generation, 226, 350
Pre-SMA-dorsal caudate nucleus-ventral anterior thalamic loop, 226
Presynaptic neuron
firing rate, 22
Primary progressive aphasia
VST
Primed lexical decision tasks, 115
Prime-target relationships
Priming, 95
controversial, 236
L1 activation during L2 processing, 115
living and nonliving concepts, 278
masked vs. unmasked, 109
semantic decision, 280
SOA, 237
Probes
word picture matching task, 10
Processing, 71, 77
cognates vs. non-cognates, 108
L1-L2 asymmetry, 109–10
patterns, 256
training, 256
word-class effects, 108
Proficiency effects, 110–11
Progressive cerebral atrophy, 23
Proper names
famous vs. common
refractoriness, 9
Proper nouns
comprehension, 13
Property-based neural circuits
object categories, 309
Property generation studies, 271
Pseudowords, 156
Psycholinguistic experimental methodologies, 105
Psycholinguistic stimuli, 282
Pulvinar connect
signal changes, 350
visual cortex, 350
Reading motion words
perception, 186
Recall
brain maps, 141
Refractoriness, 8
experiments, 17
multifocal cerebral tumours, 23
position effects, 8
response inconsistency, 8
semantic relatedness, 8
Refractory access deficits
frequency, 6–7
neuromodulatory systems, 21
response consistency, 6
selective, 16
serials position curves, 6
vs. storage deficits
response consistency, 6
storage distinction
computational modeling study, 21
temporal factors, 5
word-picture matching, 5, 8
Regional brain activity
fMRI, 251
Relatedness, 94, 95
semantic satiation, 91–6
Relative theoretical ambiguity, 84
Relay station role, 348
Repetition, 92–5
electrode site, 92
object perception, 320
semantic satiation, 91–6
suppression, 317
learning-related changes, 317
object, 320
verbs, 211
Repetition X Anterior-Posterior, 93
Response
accuracy
semantic relatedness, 11
consistency
frequency effects, 22
inconsistency
refractoriness, 8
time
visual lexical decision task, 159
Response-stimulus interval (RSI), 4, 5
Retrieving information
object properties, 306–8
Revised Hierarchical Model, 109
RHM
lexical-level translation links, 114
RSI see Response-stimulus interval (RSI)
RT, 113–16
in lexical decision study
activation, 163
sensitivity, 160
Rules
AD, 258
categorisation, 259
Alzheimer's disease, 257
SD, 257
semantic dementia, 257
Russian-German bilinguals
semantic violation paradigm, 119
SANS see Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)
SAPS see Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), 138
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), 138
Scalp, 79
potentials, 69–71
amplitudes, 70
measurable, 69
topographic distribution, 70
topographies, 77
weak interaction, 81
Scanning
clustered acquisition, 167
objects, 320
Scenes
neural processing substrates, 335
Schizophrenia
false positive responses, 140
semantic memory, 133–42
semantic memory network over activation, 141
semantic object, 136–8
symptoms, 133
Scrambled images, 287
Selective deficits
noun and verb naming, 211
Selective impairment
action verbs, 10
naming fruit and vegetables, 47
Selective influence, 76
Semantic access
vs. semantic processes, 342
word imageability, 149–72
methods, 157, 162, 167
results, 157–9, 162–3, 167
word naming, 166
Semantically related items
arrays, 4
Semantic and episodic memory retrieval, 307
Semantic association, 19
Semantic category
factorially manipulated, 195
signal change patterns, 341
Semantic Category Decision task, 256, 258
Semantic content
knowledge, 247
stimuli, 184
Semantic core approach
nouns and verbs, 213–14
Semantic decision tasks
concrete and abstract words, 163
fMRI, 282
imageability, 160–1, 167
priming, 280
task difficulty, 164
temporal gyrus, 170
word imageability, 164
word level, 119
Semantic degradation
object decisions tasks, 32
Semantic dementia, 23, 50, 255
content knowledge, 258
living things, 48
nouns and verbs, 209
rule-based categorisation, 257
temporal lobes, 50
Semantic disorder for artefacts
lesions, 43
Semantic distance effects, 10, 14
Semantic effects
abstract word domain, 18
Semantic features hypothesis, 292
brain activation complexity, 116
intercorrelations among, 40–2, 51
Semantic forms
non-linguistic concepts, 108
Semantic impairment for living things
temporal lobe, 43
Semantic information, 96
food, 338
neurons
storage deficits, 21
word naming task, 167
Semantic judgment
gyrus, 345
monolingual vs. bilinguals, 118
Semantic knowledge, 233 See also Sensory-motor model
decision times, 166
vs. lexical access, 336
lexical decision task, 156
modular organisation, 281
SFT, 206
Semantic level
category-selective activations, 185
Semantic memory
Alzheimer's disease, 255
bilingual
ERP and fMRI, 105–21
cognitive model, 265–94
content and process, 261
cortical damage, 249
feature-based account, 183
feature-based model, 184, 196–7
feature-based object retrieval, 142
FTD, 134–5
functional modularity
event-related brain potentials, 65–100
functional similarity
statistical considerations, 82–5
impairment
misclassification, 249
neurodegenerative disease, 248
original studies, 3
integrated object concept, 351
network over activation
schizophrenia, 141
neuroscientific investigations, 343
objects, 137, 331, 347, 352
process and content, 247–61
schizophrenia, 133–42
semantic network dysfunction, 138
semantic representation, 352
shared, 107–9
subsystems, 332–42
task
bottom-up approach, 137
theories, 261
two-level theories of, 108
Semantic model
bi-directional lexical-semantic connections, 280
Semantic network associational activation
FTD, 135
Semantic network dysfunction
semantic memory operations, 138
Semantic object
memory
fMRI, 346
recall, 346, 349
neural correlates
FTD
schizophrenia, 136–8
Semantic Object Recall from Features input Task (SORT), 136–8
fMRI, 138
Semantic organisation
cognitive models, 182–4
principles, 18–21
semantic refractory dysphasia, 13
Semantic priming, 112, 231, 232
basal ganglia, 233–4
basal ganglia functions, 239
basal ganglia in intentionally guided attention, 232–3
ERP, 112
FTD, 135
N400 component, 112
normal
lexical decision task, 134
suppression, 236–8
hyperdirect loop, 236–8
indirect loop, 236–8
Semantic primitives
vs. encyclopedic knowledge, 304
Semantic processes, 141, 233
basal ganglia injury, 219
DLPFC, 345
encoded by anatomic regions, 346
imaging studies, 159
irrespective of stimulus type, 342–8
localizing regions, 343
vs. semantic access, 342
tool and biological actions, 285
Semantic refractory access, 3–24
brain conceptual knowledge, 10
category dissociations, 8–10
description, 4–8
neurophysiological basis, 21–3
recognise, 16
semantic organisation, 13
synaptic depression, 21
verbal-visual and visual-visual matching performance, 17
Semantic regions, 183
Semantic relatedness, 7–8, 11, 19
access deficits, 7
within array, 10
categorical organisation, 13
conceptual knowledge base, 13
function, 12
gradient, 13
refractoriness, 8
response accuracy, 11
Semantic representation
activation, 168
nouns and verbs, 205–14
semantic memory, 352
Semantic satiation
relatedness, 91–6
repetition, 91–6
Semantic segregation, 197
Semantic similarity, 11, 13
abstract and concrete words, 20
Semantic space, 9
Semantic system
analogous dissociations, 16
diffuse damage
artefacts, 41
Semantic tasks
AoA, 118
LPMT, 189
Semantic violation paradigm
Russian-German bilinguals, 119
Senile dementia
target's resemblance to humans, 260
Sensitivity
RT, 160
Sensorimotor cognitive systems
objects, 332
Sensory association cortex, 259
Sensory deprivation
neural systems, 191
Sensory experience
action-selective LPMT, 191
Sensory features, 293
Sensory/functional theory (SFT), 39, 42, 84
implementation, 40
nouns and verbs, 205–6
semantic knowledge, 206
visual-perceptual properties, 41
Sensory inputs
convergence, 291
Sensory-motor channels, 48
semantic categories, 48
Sensory-motor image codes, 150
Sensory-motor mechanisms
man-made objects, 46
objections, 48–51
Sensory-motor model, 183, 248, 260, 282
conceptual representation, 160
object, 304
semantic knowledge, 51
of semantic knowledge, 34, 36–7, 45, 50
Sensory-Motor-Property Model for Representing Domain-Specific Information, 303
Sensory-motor regions, 183, 184
Sentence
bilingual semantic access in, 113–16
completion tasks
verbs, 211
comprehension
concreteness, context, modularity, 85–91
ending positivity, 95
Sentences
vs. single word
ERP, 114
NW00 114
Sequentially organized modules, 97
Serial position curves
refractory access patient, 6
Serial position effects
degenerative conditions, 6
SFT see Sensory/functional theory (SFT)
Shared semantic memory, 107–9
Short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA), 234, 235
automatic semantic priming, 109
basal ganglia, 237
dominant meaning, 237
priming paradigms, 237
Signal changes
motor system, 338
premotor region, 336
pulvinar exhibit, 350
semantic categorical or featural properties, 341
word pairs, 336, 337
Signal-to-noise ratio, 230
Similarity difference scores
concrete and abstract words, 162
word triads, 162
Simple motion trajectories
tools, 312
Single word
vs. sentences
ERP, 114
N200 114
SOA see Short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA)
Social and affective processes
amygdala, 321
ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 321
Social interactions, 321
SORT see Semantic Object Recall from Features input Task (SORT)
Sound stimuli
animal category, 340
Sparse imaging scanning, 167
Spatial and action functions
dorsal stream of visual processing, 46
Spatial distinctiveness, 75
Spatially distributed brain activity
electrical evidence, 352
Spatial representation
temporal lobe, 335
Speech production
neural systems, 210
Spoken word
picture matching, 9, 11
written word matching task, 9
English cities, 15
geographical knowledge, 14
Stem and Word factors, 89, 91
Stem-concreteness
topographies, 87
Stem X Word interactions, 89, 90
STG, 290
Stimuli
category, 288
characteristic dimensions, 184
cognitive operation, 186
features, 286
frequency, 6
LPMT, 191
mapping cortical areas
object naming, 117
neural processing substrates, 335
perception, 186
premotor cortex, 191
samples, 253
selection
category-specific semantic disorders for living entities, 38
semantic content, 184
semantic memory, 352
type
semantic process, 342–8
verb generation, 345
Storage deficits
vs. access deficits, 3, 4
physiological account, 22
vs. refractory access
response consistency, 6
semantic information neurons, 21
Striatal neurons, 229
Stroke
lateral projections, 344
middle cerebral artery, 11
transient deficits, 210
Structural design, 72
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, 139
STS see Superior temporal sulcus (STS)
Subcortical motor system
word-word feature binding task, 348
Substantia nigra pars compacta
dopaminergic projections, 222
Subtraction
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 66
positron emission tomography (PET), 66
pure insertion, 66
Sulcus
increasing task difficulty, 165
Superior temporal sulcus (STS), 187, 283, 290
animals, 311
FTD, 136
motion, 312
object-associated motion, 312
static vs. moving images, 312
Suppression-enhancement-suppression cycle
word generation, 231
Synaptic depression, 21
semantic refractory access, 21
Synchronizing rhythms
mediating processing, 346
Synchronous co-activation
thalamus, 353
Synonym Judgment Task, 137
Syntactic level
agrammatism
verb retrieval, 35
Syntactic processing
AoA, 117
Systematic review
category-specific semantic disorders for living beings and artefacts, 43
Task difficulty
vs. imageability, 165
Tasks
block format, 225
category, 186
demands, 185
brain activation, 116
concrete and abstract conditions, 156
difficulty
cingulate gyrus, 165
IFG, 165
insula, 165
midbrain reticular activating system, 165
premotor cortex, 165
semantic decision task, 164
sulcus, 165
generalization
architecture, 68
instructions, 168
manipulations, 185
action vs. non-action features, 185
performance
activation studies, 331
ERP, 331
fMRI, 331
PET, 331
temporal foci, 165
Temporal cortex
objects, 304
top-down vs. bottom-up processes, 321
Temporal delay, 340
Temporal factors, 22
access cases vs. degenerative cases, 5
Temporal foci
tasks, 165
Temporal gyrus, 282
electrical interference, 345
semantic decision study, 170
tools, 334
Temporal lobes, 289
activation, 343
animals, 44
basic-level naming, 290
category-specific disorders for animals and plant-life, 43
color word generation, 308
concrete and abstract words, 160
fruits and vegetables, 44
functions, 45
semantic dementia (SD), 50
semantic impairment for living things, 43
spatial representation, 335
Temporal phenomena, 233
Temporal pole, 46
abstract words, 163
Temporal sulcus
motion-related information, 311
Temporal summation requirement, 69
Temporo-parietal-occipital (TPO) junction
activation, 343
Test endorsements, 257
Thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections, 348
Thalamus
feature binding, 348
increasing task difficulty, 165
object recall, 348
signal change, 349
synchronous co-activation, 353
word-word feature binding task, 348
Thesaurus
conceptual knowledge, 3
Thought, Language and Communication Scale (TLC), 134
Thought Disorder Index, 139
TLC see Thought, Language and Communication Scale (TLC)
TMS see Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Tool pictures
animal pictures, 185
binocular rivalry, 192
fusiform gyrus, 316
Tools
and action processing, 285
functional imaging, 196
neural mechanisms, 197–8
vs. animals
PET, 310
and animal-selective activations, 195
category and action retrieval
LPMT, 193
category-specific deficit, 302
distributed representation, 309–11
fusiform gyrus, 313
grasping objects premotor and intraparietal regions, 314
group averaged hemodynamic responses, 313
vs. human figures
lateral temporal cortex, 314
vs. human motion
MTG, 312
MTG, 311, 313
nouns, 284
object name
clusters of activity, 283
representations, 84
selective activations
dorso-ventral dissociation, 194
selective responses, 192–4
selectivity, 195
display, 195
modality, 195
perceptual priming, 195
semantic content, 196
visuo-motor action system, 192–4
semantic information, 338
semantic memory, 333
simple motion trajectories, 312
temporal gyrus, 334
words
animal words, 185
Topographies
ERP, 73
final-word concreteness main effects, 87
scalp potentials, 70
stem-concreteness, 87
Word X Stem interaction effect, 89
TPO see Temporo-parietal-occipital (TPO) junction
Training pairs, 252
Training trial displays, 254
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 194, 213
Transient deficits
stroke, 210
Tripartite dimensional structure, 280
T1-weighted scan
collateral sulcus, 292
lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS), 292
Unintegrated multimodal network, 31
Unitary abstract model, 31
parsimony principle, 31
Unitary distributed conceptual system, 183
Up state, 228
Upstream input systems, 82
Vegetables see Fruits and vegetables
Ventral activation
visual properties, 161
Ventral-medial temporal cortex, 169
Ventral occipitotemporal cortex, 286
Ventral premotor cortex, 187
manipulation
naming animals, 316
naming tools, 316
object, 306
objects, 304
Ventral temporal cortex
color imagery, 308
concrete vs. abstract words, 161
object color, 307
word imageability, 161
Ventral visual pathway
activation, 161
Ventrolateral occipito-temporal cortex
objects, 214
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
hypoperfusion, 136
social and affective processes, 321
Verbal-visual and visual-visual matching performance
semantic refractory access deficit, 17
Verbs, 284 See alsoNouns and Verbs
associative networks
abstract concepts, 171
leftward lateralization, 171
category-specific deficit, 35
cognitive defect, 35
conceptual system, 165
frontal lobe, 37
lateral temporal cortex, 306
minimal syntactic frame, 211
motion vs. cognition, 37
naming
selective deficits, 211
vs. nouns, 206
picture naming, 211
production, 207
production deficits
prefrontal cortex lesions, 208
production difficulties
dissociation, 207
repetition, 211
sentence completion tasks, 211
stimulation studies, 345
Visual complexity, 11
Visual cortex
pulvinar connect, 350
Visual experience
action type, 189–90
Visual features, 149
fruits and vegetables, 47
living things, 47
nouns and verbs, 208–11
Visual imagery
occipitotemporal cortex, 316
Visual information
vs. functional information, 39
Visual lexical decision task
fMRI, 158
response time, 159
Visual living stimuli, 281
Visually-based semantic knowledge, 344
Visual nonsemantic judgment, 118
Visual object images
conceptual processing, 318
fusiform gyrus, 317
Visual object representation, 45
Visual-perceptual knowledge
lexical decision task, 164
Visual-perceptual properties, 48
sensory-functional theory, 41
Visual properties
living categories identification, 39
ventral activation, 161
Visual/sensorimotor theory (VST), 209, 212
modality-specific deficits, 209
primary progressive aphasia
Visual similarity, 286
Visual systems
data acquisition, 333
Visual-visual condition, 17
Visual-visual matching tests, 16
Visuo-motor system, 187
action semantics, 186–8
activation, 197
tool-selectivity, 192–4
Visuo-verbal disconnection, 34, 47
category-specific naming disorders, 46–8
naming abilities, 46
VLPFC see Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
V5/MT, 198
VST see Visual/sensorimotor theory (VST)
Weak interaction
scalp topographies, 81
Weinreich, Uriel, 105
Wernicke sites, 89
White matter tracts
body movements, 212
Whole body movements
vs. hand manipulations, 189
perceptual level
Whole objects, 286
Whole-word phonological representations
lexicon, 166
Women
living things, 44
Word and stem, 89, 90
electrode site, 88
Word and Stem interaction effects
topography, 89
Word-class effects
processing, 108
Word factor, 90
Word form level, 110
Word generation
basal ganglia, 228
fMRI, 225
frontal activity, 227
hemisphere, 227
lexical item retrieval basal ganglia, 225–7
lexical level of processing, 233–4
pre-SMA basal ganglia circuit, 226
pre-SMA region, 350
suppression-enhancement-suppression cycle, 231
Word imageability
conceptual processes, 150
fusiform gyrus, 164
mid-fusiform gyrus, 161
semantic access, 149–72
methods, 157, 162, 167
results, 157–9, 162–3, 167
semantic decision task, 164
ventral temporal lobe, 161
Word level
semantic decision task, 119
Word-like nonwords, 156
Word naming
cortical distribution, 212
imageability, 166–8
semantic access, 166
semantic information, 167
Word-nonword contrasts, 159
Word pairs
objects, 317
signal changes, 336, 337
Word-picture matching, 4, 9, 275
living things, 277
picture stimulus arrays, 12
probes, 10
refractory access disorders, 5
refractory access patient, 8
Words
fMRI, 155
number produced, 136
orthographic and phonological characteristics, 156
production data, 110
written and oral forms, 209
Word triads
SD scores, 162
Word-word feature binding task
cortical motor system, 348
subcortical motor system, 348
thalamus, 348
Word X Anteior-Posterior interaction, 88
Word X Stem interaction effects
topography, 89
Word X stem interaction effects
electrode site, 88
Written verb production, 209
X Anterior-Posterior yield, 90
X Electrode-Site interaction, 87
X Hemisphere X Anterior-Posterior
analysis, 93
test, 88